Theories of Planning and their comparison to Practical events - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1183 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Public Relations Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Planning is the process of setting goals, developing strategies, outlining tasks and schedules to accomplish, and deciding how best to achieve goals and objective of the company/organisation. Planning is also a process of thinking through all part of an issue or a problem before taking action. At the same time, planning provides the elements for action. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Theories of Planning and their comparison to Practical events" essay for you Create order Basic management function involves proposal of one or more detailed plans to achieve resources. Organisation that set goals is more effective in recruiting members. A good mission statement helps to enlighten employees and provides a focus and direction for setting lower level objectives. It should guide employees in making decisions and set up what the organisation does. Mission statement is the key for organisation to flourish and grow. Meanwhile, there are three types of planning. First is the To-Do-List planning. Since managers are so busy, it is crucial that they be able to list the projects, reports, meetings, or goals they need to complete on a day-to-day basis. To-do-list planning is narrowly focused, daily or weekly in time span, and frequently personal. Returning to our main topic, it represents a priceless discipline on the part of the individual manager desire to see things get done or to make the organisation work. Not only are to-do-list valuable for individual plann ing, they are valuable structure for delegating tasks to others. The second type of planning is Operational planning. Operational planning is estimate to face the mid-range of time. This may be weeks or months or may extend to a year or two. Usually, operational planning is in response to an annual budget. Some planning experts have termed this type of planning tactical planning. Whether it is driven by an organisations budget, an individual budget or a functional area of responsibility, operational planning focuses on getting the work accomplished effectively between now and some limited time period. The third type of planning is Strategic planning. Strategic planning is used to identify, define and analyse the means of achieving of achieving the objectives of the organisation. Besides that, strategic planning is the responsibility of top management and long terms plan. The Function of a Good Manager in Planning A good manager in planning has a clear view on the company/organisations goals and objectives. For example, a good manager fully understands the company/organisations goals and objectives. Furthermore, a good manager will try his or her best to achieve the goals and objectives. For example, a good manager always tries to achieve company/organisations goals and objectives with every task he or she did. A good manager must have good judgement and able to made decision wisely. For example, a good manager always thinks about every possibility and makes the best choice from all the alternatives. A good manager can easily set mission, vision and goals that bring benefits to the company/organisation. For example, a good manager takes up a short time to set company/organisation mission and goals. The Function of a Bad Manager in Planning A bad manager in planning does not have clear view on the company/ organisations goals and objectives. For example, a bad manager cant fully understand the company/organisations goals and objectives. In addition, a bad manager has less effort on trying to achieve the goals and objectives. For example, a bad manager would spend less effort and time to achieve company/organisations goals and. A bad manager has poor judgement and unable to made decision wisely. For example, a bad manager would not think about every possibilities and unable to make the best choice from all the alternatives. Meanwhile, a bad manager cannot easily set mission, vision and goals that bring benefits to the company/organisation. For example, a bad manager takes up a very long time to set company/organisation mission and goals. Interview on Case Study Organisations Manager In order to complete this assignment, our group decided to go and interview a manager about the functions of a manager in an organisation. After several discussions, we decided to interview one of the Energizer Companys managers, Mr Chua. Mr Chua work as the Engineering Manager in Energizer Company. After we finish the interview with Mr Chua, we found out the function of managers in the Energizer Company. We classified the result of the interview into four types, which are Planning, Organising, Leading and also Controlling. According to the result of the interview with Mr Chua, we found out the way Energizer Companys managers use the management planning in the company. We found that planning is important in the Energizer Companys management. Planning is the key factor for Energizer Companys success. Planning helps in setting the goals, identifying the method use to achieve goals, predicting the future and determining the directions of the Energizer Company. Planning also helps t o maximise the best utilisation of Energizer Companys resources and determines the best timing in executing various task and project to achieve the best available option or opportunity. Besides that, planning helps Energizer Company to avoid unnecessary risk, wastage of resources, underutilisation, identify obstacles, barriers and ways to avoid or overcome it. We also found out the type of planning used by Energizer Companys managers. Energizer Companys managers use all three types of planning, the To-Do-List planning, Operational planning and also Strategic planning. The managers use To-Do-List planning to list out all tasks on papers so that they know what their task is and when they need to complete it. Meanwhile, the managers use Operational planning to plan the operations of Energizer Company in response to the annual budget so that they can use up their resources efficiently. Lastly, the managers use Strategic planning to help identify and analyse the problems and solve it in order to achieve the objectives. Comparison between Manager in Energizer and Actual Theories Based on the theories and the result of interview on Energizer Companys Engineering Manager, Mr Chua, we were able to compare and found out the differences and similarity in management planning. Planning is important in Energizer Company. This is because Energizer Companys managers use planning to in setting goals, the methods use to achieve goals, predict the future of the company and also determine the direction of the company. As the theories stated that planning is the process of setting goals, developing strategies, outlining tasks and schedules to accomplish, and deciding how best to achieve goals and objective of the company/organisation. Meanwhile, Energizer Companys managers use all three types of planning as stated in the theories which are the To-Do-List planning, Operational planning and also Strategic planning. The managers use To-Do-List planning to list out all tasks on papers so that they know what their task is and when they need to complete it, Operational p lanning to plan the operations of Energizer Company in response to the annual budget so that they can use up their resources efficiently, and Strategic planning to help identify and analyse the problems and solve it in order to achieve the objectives. Therefore, we found out that Energizer Companys managers use management planning in the same way as the theories.

Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been By Joyce Carol...

Matthew Moreno WRIT-201 Professor October 7, 2016 In, â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been†, by Joyce Carol Oates and â€Å"Eveline†, by James Joyce, two characters prove to be completely different but share few similarities as well. In both short stories, the main characters, Connie in â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† and Eveline in â€Å"Eveline†, are both teenage girls who face problems at home. Connie and Eveline who are both caught up in their own cultures in different times are Both girls seem like they have it all going for them but what they conclusively share in common is their final decision bringing them to their downfall. The theme in â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† and â€Å"Eveline,† possess and unyielding insecurity which stems from their family lives. Everything had two sides to it, one for one home and one for the other. Each of the girl s home lives was oppressive and restraining. Making them both have to grow up faster. Connie†™s identity is shown at the end of the story, but who she was at the beginning of the story differs to who she became at the end of the story. To start, Connie was a fifteen year old girl who was beautiful and adventuress, but failed to acknowledge and grasp the idea of a real family. Connie’s family or her mother is not the exact loving and caring mother some people have experienced. In â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been†, Connie sated â€Å"Her mother, who noticed everything and knew everything and who hadn tShow MoreRelatedEveline Essay examples721 Words   |  3 Pages2012 Comparison of Eveline and Connie â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† are similar stories set in different eras. â€Å"Eveline† is a short story written by James Joyce. â€Å"Where are you going, Where have you been† is a short story written by Joyce Carol Oates. Eveline and Connie are two teenage girls who are ultimately trapped by the influences of their cultures. The church plays a heavy influence on Eveline throughout the story. Eveline is conflicted on whether she

Child Labour Free Essays

string(67) " in participation is the existence of child labor to decline by 0\." bAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD| FACTORS EFFECTING CHILD LABOUR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES| Research Proposal Submitted In The Partial Fulfillment Of Requirement Of RMT| | STUDENT NAME: Chaudhry Ahsan Riaz| 5/30/2011| SUPERVISOR: Mohammad Ayub Siddiqui The issue of child labor has taking hype now a days. Child labor is one of the major problem for developing countries. The future of these children is on risk. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Labour or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is a need to eliminate this issue from the world in order to make the future generations secure. There are laws to control this but these laws should be implemented. | I- INTRODUCTION Child labor means the employment ofchildren who have completed less than 18 years. In recent years the problem of child labor must take attention from the media. Child labor is a major problem for developing countries. The future of these children are at risk. .To solve this problem, first we should know that what are the factors affecting child labor only then we can solve this problem of child labor around the world and made the future of these children safe. I choose this topic for telling our society, inparticular to give statistics on child labor and to tell them this is our problem, we had to resolve it, in order to protect our children, certainly the future of our children and I also choose this topic to bring the matter to any suggestions, that relieve this problem. All countries in the world on this thing, that child labor is not desirable agreed. By reading the history, we came to know that child labor has begun before the Industrial Revolution, without knowing their growth after the industrial revolution. Asia has the largest number ofchild workers in the world. ILO estimates 52 million children work in 1979 increases to78. 5 million UNICEF in 1991estimated the number of working children is 90 million and by simply banning child labor is not enough to reduce it. As knight, (1980 p17) notes that child labor is prohibited by law only the law cannot protect these children workers because they are legal. focus on people, particularly education and poverty in the subject. Most of the people said that the most important variables which effects on child labor is poverty but parental education and intelligence of children and debt bondage, and traditions are also important variables,that effects child labor. If we want to reduce the child labour then we had to take some serious actions. II- REVIEW OF LITERATURE Jensen, P and S Nielsen H. writes an article in January 1997 and the primary purpose of this study is to examine the effects of things on schooling and child labor in developing countries by using data from Zambia. The analysis of their study suggest that both economic and sociological variables are important given the choice between school and child labor. In this study, they came to know that poverty is the main cause of child labor and poverty are the cause that forces parents, to keep their children away from school. For this reason, child labor is increasing in the less developing countries. One of the main results of this study is that girls leave school earlier than boys in Zambia and why girls leave school earlier because they are burdened with household chores and their marriage will be held earlier than boys. Mitra, S September 1994. His study was a large slum in Calcutta. This paper shows the results for the entire lives of children, and he works mainly focus on socio-cultural factors. The main findings of this study is that 85% of working children not attending school. While 85% of children would not work regularly, although they are the same socio-cultural environment and had the same school as living area. The 15% of children who are part-time jobs were in school. By conducting this study, the researchers have come to know that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The study also shows that children who work 40% of them are between nine and 10 years. In this way, the researchers found that 50% of the children who came to work for economic reasons, while 30% of the children to learn good intension some technical skills. Ranjan, R March 1999. His work is an analysis of child labor participation and the large firm of data sets from Pakistan and Preu. The main purpose of this study is the comparison between nature and determinants of child labor in Pakistan and Peru. The results of this study showed many differences between the Pakistani and Peruvian. Results of a study is also shown that in both countries, the participation of boys in child labor has higher than girls. The results of this study show that Peru’s college attainment rate is higher as compared to Pakistan. This study shows that the public variables have a significant impact on child labor. Bhatty. C February 1996. The main purpose of this study is to show that most of the economic reasons cited for child labor is either wrong or very weak. The primary purpose of this article is to examine why, after so many years of independence, and although many legislative process and social objectives for the child’s situation is still so poor in India. By examining the researchers learned that most commanly this explanation is given that poverty is the main reason that the work provides chilren. Researchers two proposals to shrink to child labor, is only doing it to improve basic education and laws to prevent child labor and the application of these laws in any condition. Ahmed, I. July 1999. The main purpose of this study is a political insights to address the underlying causes of child labor. This study identifies the essential and central causes of child labor and shows ways to influence to reduce the long-term factor of child labor. After conducting this study, the researchers learned that a one percentage point increase in participation is the existence of child labor to decline by 0. You read "Child Labour" in category "Essay examples" 38 percentage points. Cross Country differences in the adult literacy rate of more than half of the variation in the employment of children to explain the world. Basu, Chau and A. K, N. H June 2004. This article is about child labor and debt bondage. It shows why households send their children to men for working country. The purpose of this paper is that institutional arrangements leading to the analysis of the bonded child labor and to investigate the static and dynamic effects of policy interventions. The main finding of this study is that lenders gave money to poor people, and make the agreement that if they returned not in a position to repay the money they would bring their children to work. In this study, the researchers know that the most important work for children involved in agriculture. Satz. D (2003). The main purpose of this article are the major issues which leads to detect children to work. By Publisher parents are the decision makers in the household, so the parents decide to send their children to work. Unequal distribution is another factor to convince the child. The conclusion of this article is to replace labor abuse and child prostitution, servitude, slavery and the work of children’s lives will not be tolerated under any circumstances, is imminent. Further research should be carried out to be the best policy to eliminate child labor in the world. Khadria, B, July 1996. It has conducted a study and this article is written primarily for tax relief by the Government of India, is the national savings certificates are given. It is for those who register their children in class one and issued its maturity after five years. This article was written primarily to give suggestions in the Indian policy of tax incentives. The author after the completion of this study was to know that poverty is the main cause of child labor forces. In this way the researchers know that the face value of the NPC is less than the average income for child labor. Donnell, OO, Rosati, FC and Doorslaer, EV November 2003. They conducted the survey and the basic needs of this study is to test that on the work of childhood, affecting children’s health. They focused on working with agriculture, the great work with children throughout the world. They examine the three most important signs of health, the relative weight, reported ill-health and height growth. In their study, they came to know that child labor has a negative impact on the health of girls. If they act in childhood increases the risk of illness up to five short years. Even for boys it is different. The researchers found no evidence that child labor reduces the growth of children. In this study, they found that there is not much difference between working children and non-working children. They also found that children have jobs, no major impact on child health in a shorter period, but it has its effect on longer maturities. Wahba, J. October 2006. He writes an article and the main purpose of this article is to examine the influence of adult market wages and parents, were the children who work on child labor to investigate. When the researchers identified those things together and Child Education using the data collected from Egypt. The results of this study showed that low adult market wages are the most important factor for child labor. The results of this study says that parents who were child laborers themselves to supply on average 10% more likely to work their children. This study also reports that large regional differences in income increases the probability of child labor. In this study, he came to know that there are difference between child labor and child rearing-started. Psacharopoulos, G. October 1997. He wrote an article, the research addresses the issue of child labor in contrast to the enrollment of children working. This study is based on information from Bolivia and Venezuela. This study shows that working children contribute most to the total house hold income. Repetition of the same class, is a common phenomenon in Latin America highly associated with child labor. In this study, the researchers came to know that children who are working their education decreased by about two years compared with the non-working children. The government should provide assistance for the poor to keep their children in school. The government should made free primary school education by taking some serious action, so that our future generations will become safe. Burr, N, February 2001. This article is written primarily to benefit the people intent on child labor and education with an unusual focus on girls’ education. In this study, the researchers that the number of children from school has grown quickly and know that it is estimated over 100 million and out of 100 million for these 60% are girls. The main reason is lack of education of parents. Traditions also play an important role in the formation of girls we cannot deny this aspect. The person who manages income house hold has power and authority to decide whether to take their children to school or work to send. The state and civil society to give this argument, consider that even policies for girls’ education, we had the cultural values and traditions in our heads, so traditions are not interchangeable. Sahoo, U. C November 1990. This article is mainly about child labor laws. Indian Government did a lot of laws on child labor. As stated in Article 45 of the Indian Constitution is written that the government provides free education for their children until they complete the age of 14. Similarly, many measures taken to protect the child, but those documents are not properly applied by the government. The main reason for this uneffectiveness of legislation is that it applies to 20% of children were not the result of 100%, because 80% work in other agricultural sectors, as these laws do not apply. Under the government has made such laws, which severely protects children and their future secure. III- METHODOLOGY The first method is to be prepared for face interviews with questionnaires and the results must be with the children, with those who do not work real comparison. A subjective assessment of the leve lof intelligence of the children will be tested in the interview to check his speed of understanding and the quality of their understanding and vigilance. I will also conduct research household to check income and expenditure of household and to policy makers in the household. After collecting data, I will analyze the descriptive statistics on the data and interpreting data, making it understandable and useful for the study. IV- CONCLUSION This study isdeals with the factors that affect child labor . Poverty is not the only factor affecting children’s work, but there are some other factors affecting the child, parents’ education, tradition and include debt bondage. The Government should provide free for training. Child labor cannot be governed by the laws that currently prevail in developing countries. These laws should be amended and new laws should secure the future of children and eliminate child labor from these countries. Legislation should focus on agriculture, rather than apply only to the industrial sector. Thereafter, the interest in reducing child labor. V- REFERENCES Jensen, P and Nielsen H. S. Child labour or school attendance? Evidence from Zambia. 2 January 1997 Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 10, No. 4 pp. 407-424. Mitra, S. Factors in the sociocultural environment of child labourers : A study in a small scale Leather goods industry in Calcutta. 1 September 1994. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 51, No. 12 pp 822-825. Ranjan , R. Analysis of child labour in Peru and Pakistan: A comparative study 10 March 1999. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 13, No. 1 pp. 3-19. BHATTY, K. Child labour: breaking the vicious cycle. 17 February 1996 Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 31, No. 7 pp. 384-386. Ahmed, I. Getting Rid of Child labour Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 34, No. 27 pp. 1815-1822. Basu, A. K and Chau, N. H. Exploitation of child labour and the dynamics of debt bondage. June 2004. Journal Of Economic Growth, Vol. , No. 2 pp. 209-238 Satz. D. Child labour: A normative perspective. (2003). The World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 17, No. 2 pp. 297-309. Khadria, B. Child- labour: Reform through a fiscal instrument. July 27 1996. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 31, No. 30 pp. 2009-2010. Donnell,O. O, Rosati, F. C and Doorslaer, E. V. Health effects of child work: Evidence from rural Vietnam. September 2005. Journal of Popul ation Economics, Vol. 18, No. 3 pp. 437-467. Wahba, J. The Influence of Market Wages and Parental History on Child Labour and Schooling in Egypt. October 2006. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 19, No. 4 pp. 823-852. Psacharopoulos,G. Child Labour Versus Educational Attainment Some Evidence from Latin America. October 1997. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 10, No. 4 pp. 377-386. Burra, N. Cultural Stereotypes and Household Behaviour: Girl Child LabourIn India. 3-16 February 2001. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 36, No. 5/6 pp. 481+483-488. Sahoo,U. C. ChilLabour and Legislation. 17 November 1990. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 25, No. 46 pp. 2529-2530. How to cite Child Labour, Essay examples Child Labour Free Essays Child labor case Violation of human rights can be observed in the case of child labor of Hershey’s chocolate at the coca farms in Ghana. It helps us to understand that the problem of child labor has spread from regional concern to international issue. Is it wrong to exploit the cheap labor by children in a country that don’t have any restrictions on working children? Those child labors are often less than 14 years old and they are usually treated poorly and working in unsafe conditions that exceed a minimum number of hours. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Labour or any similar topic only for you Order Now These child slaves have hazardous jobs. It is because they must spray the cocoa beans with toxic pesticides and insecticides with little protective wear. Thus, they get hurt easily and their health may be negatively affected. Also, many children cannot go to school and receive minimum degree of education because of the labor work. However, should child labor be banned completely? It is a controversial issue because if they are not allowed to work there, they might be worse off and have to earn money in other ways such as illegal activities or prostitution. In this way, child labor seems to be a better solution for them under the problem of poverty. On the other hand, it seems to be difficult to abolish child labor in reality. It is because the child labor is cheap and it is difficult to monitor those suppliers that exploit children to work. Even if intervention in the child labor market is found to be undesirable, does this mean government should sit back and wait for economic growth to solve the child labor problem? Government can intervene in the market to create a variety of incentives, such as providing better and more schools, giving school meals, and improving conditions in the adult labor market, which result in a reduction of child labor. In the case of Hershey’s chocolate, the local government in Ghana implemented some advance and fund programmes that enhance living standard and ensure fair labour practices in cocoa-growing regions (In the Report, 2010). How should the government of those poor countries implement legal action to restrict child labor? What is the extent of allowing child labor to be existed legally? Some minimal restrictions may be appropriate, such as children being prevented from working in dangerous occupations. But a total ban seems not suitable because worse things can happen to children than having to work. Under poverty, children may suffer hunger or starvation if they are restricted to work (Basu, 1999). Internationally, should the WTO be given the responsibility of enforcing restrictions on child labor through the use of trade sanctions? If so, will this interrupt the free trade policy? For example, the adoption of International Labor Standards is a set of rules and conditions for labor which all countries are expected to satisfy. Any intervention from organizations will have great impact on the well-being of those children. How should WTO carry out those rules in a way that minimizes the negative impact on children and promotes free trade at the same time? Child labor is a serious problem in many developing countries. The Hershey’s chocolate case showed that child labor exists in different areas like manufacturing, harvesting of raw materials and violent acts against workers. It is important to balance between the interests of children, suppliers and business when determine the problem. References Basu, K. (1999). Child Labor: Cause, Consequence, and Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards. Journal of Economic Literature, 37 (3), 1083-1119 In the Report (2010). NGOs slam Hershey over cocoa sourcing-Australian Food News. Retrieved December 1, 2011 from http://www. ausfoodnews. com. au/2010/09/15/ngos-slam-hershey-over-cocoa-sourcing. html How to cite Child Labour, Papers Child Labour Free Essays When the industrial revolution first came to Britain and the U. S. , there was a high demand for labor. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Labour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Families quickly migrated from the rural farm areas to the newly industrialized cities to find work. Once they got there, things did not look as bright as they did. To survive in even the lowest level of poverty, families had to have every able member of the family go to work. This led to the high rise in child labor in factories. Children were not treated well, overworked, and underpaid for a long time before anyone tried to change things for them. Wages and Hours: Children as young as six years old during the industrial revolution worked hard hours for little or no pay. Children sometimes worked up to 19 hours a day, with a one-hour total break. This was a little bit on the extreme, but it was not common for children who worked in factories to work 12-14 hours with the same minimal breaks. Not only were these children subject to long hours, but also, they were in horrible conditions. Large, heavy, and dangerous equipment was very common for children to be using or working near. Many accidents occurred injuring or killing children on the job. Not until the Factory Act of 1833 did things improve. Children were paid only a fraction of what an adult would get, and sometimes factory owners would get away with paying them nothing. Orphans were the ones subject to this slave-like labor. The factory owners justified their absence of payroll by saying that they gave the orphans food, shelter, and clothing, all of which were far below par. The children who did get paid were paid very little. One boy explained this payment system: â€Å"They [boys of eight years] used to get 3d [d is the abbreviation for pence] or 4d a day. Now a man’s wages is divided into eight eighths; at eleven, two eighths; at thirteen, three eighths; at fifteen, four eighths; at twenty, a man’s wages? About 15s [shillings]. † http://www. galenet. com/servlet/SRC/ Treatment: The treatment of children in factories was often cruel and unusual, and the children’s safety was generally neglected. The youngest children, who were not old enough to work the machines, were commonly sent to be assistants to extile workers. The people who the children served would beat them, verbally abuse them, and take no consideration for their safety. Both boys and girls who worked in factories were subject to beatings and other harsh forms of pain infliction. One common punishment for being late or not working up to quota would be to be â€Å"weighted. † An overseer would tie a heavy weig ht to worker’s neck, and have them walk up and down the factory aisles so the other children could see them and â€Å"take example. † This could last up to an hour. Weighting could lead to serious injuries in the back and/or neck. Punishments such as this would often be dispensed under stringent rules. Boys were sometimes dragged naked from their beds and sent to the factories only holding their clothes, to be put on there. This was to make sure the boys would not be late, even by a few minutes. Child labor: Movements to Regulate There were people in this time period that strongly advocated the use or the abolishment of child labor, or at least the improvement of conditions. Factory owners loved child labor, and they supported their reasoning with ideas that it was good for everything from the economy to the building of the children’s characters. Parents of the children who worked were almost forced to at least approve of it because they needed the income. There were, however, some important figures that fought for the regulation, improvement, and/or abolishment of child labor. The first step to improving conditions was in 1833 with the Factory Act passed by Parliament. This limited the amount of hours children of certain ages could work. Specifically, children 9 to 13 years of age were only allowed to work 8 hours a day. Those 14 to 18 years of age could not work more than 12 hours a day. Children under 9 were not allowed to work at all. Also, the children were to attend school for no less than two hours during the day. Perhaps the most important part of this act was the part that said the government would appoint officials to make sure the act was carried out and complied with. Later, in the early 20th century, activists went even further to protect children’s rights in labor. Among these figures was Jane Addams, founder of the Hull House. Activists in the U. S. made the government set up the Children’s Bureau in 1912. This made it the U. S. government’s responsibility to monitor child labor. http://www. galenet. com/servlet/SRC/ In the time of the Industrial Revolution, the children of the families who moved to the crowded cities had their work situation go from bad to worse. In rural areas, children would have worked long hours with hard work for their families farms, but in the cities, the children worked longer hours with harder work for large companies. Harsher treatment, fewer rewards and more sickness and injury came from poorly regulated child labor. Child labor today is still apart of many economies. 59,600 of the workers in the U. S. are under 14 and many other countries have huge child labor troubles. Child labor came from the Industrial Revolution and is still around today. How to cite Child Labour, Essay examples

disneys Essay Example For Students

disneys Essay Colin Wells Sherry Minkowski Government 12 26 March 2000 Disneys Influence on American Culture How does one begin to describe a king? As generations change, society calls for new leaders and kings, that will continue to push the boundaries. Steven Watts describes it as: Hollywoods leading fantasy factory (187) Disney is much more prominent in society, its impact now lives in every household, as well as a place in everyones soul. Behind it all is a thriving business that will out live most humans now and in the future. Steven Watts breaks it down quite simply: Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck embodied a collective desire to escape the pressures of modern life and return to childhood. (127) The escape from reality, which Disney has provided over the years, comforts people of all ages. Disney has revolutionized family entertainment, and Walt himself would want people to remember one thing: That it was all started by a mouse. Walt Disney began his legacy with Steamboat Willy on November 18, 1928, at the Colony Theater in New York. Dave Smith wrote: Wells 2 This was the first synchronized sound cartoon, and it was a huge success. Reviewers commented on the cleverness of the cartoon, the advantage that sound brought to the medium, and the fun personality of Walt Disneys new character, Mickey Mouse. (25) The success of Mickey Mouse was the start of an unbreakable alliance that has and will always remain synonymous. A brilliant creator and a lovable creation joined forces to become the most powerful influence on American culture. It is inevitable, that every child will be brought up with Disney. What began inside one mans head has now made a huge contribution to the way life is lived. It seems as though Disney is embedded in every childs mind, the second they are conceived. Carl Hiaasen writes: The secret weapon is trust. Disney is the most trusted brand name in the history of marketing. It hooks when were little and never lets go, this unshakable faith that Disney is the best at knowing whats best. (13) As long as Disney doesnt lose their hard earned trust, there is no stopping its dominance in entertainment, advertising, marketing, and the economy in general. Again, Carl Hiaasen writes: At the core of Disneys platinum mine is entertainment. No other corporation has the capacity to crank out enough product to gorge the public maw. (11) Throughout history there has always been opposition to every giant, and Disney is no exception. Its ability to reach nearly every human on earth frightens some people. Carl Hiaasen expresses the other side as well: Disney touches virtually every human being in America for a profit. That is rapidly becoming true as well in France, Spain, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, Australia, China, Mexico, Brazil, and Canada. Disney will devour the world the same way it devoured this country, starting first with the youth. Disney theme Wells 3 parks have drawn more than one billion visitors, mostly kids. Snag the children and everyone else followsparents, politicians, even the press. Especially the press. Were all suckers for a good cartoon. (10-11) Not everyone on the planet wants G-rated fare. When Disney targets adult tastes, its careful to leave Walts name off the credits. The same folks who brought you 101 Dalmatians, a movie about adorable puppies, also brought you Pulp Fiction, a movie featuring junkies, hit men, and bondage freaks. The same folks who produce Home Improvement, a program about a wisecracking TV handyman, are also responsible for Ellen, a program about a wisecracking lesbian. (11-12) If anything is more irresistible than Jesus, its Mickey. .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec , .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec .postImageUrl , .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec , .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec:hover , .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec:visited , .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec:active { border:0!important; } .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec:active , .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc2b905fe07604a6579df403e021ec1ec:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why Study Criminal Justice Essay (12) Corporations have always had a dark side, just as Disney does. Balance is needed in life; there is a downside to everything. Nothing, not even Disney can be perfect. Disney benefits society far more than it harms it. The joy a child gets from seeing Peter Pan flying over Neverland cant be bought, it is already inside, waiting to be let out. Disney provides a way for those emotions to be set free. Necessary steps needed to take place in order for Disneys magic to flourish. Disneys influence technologically cannot go unnoticed. Leonard Maltin writes: It is impossible to overstate the impact that Walt Disney had on the development of animated cartoons. He did not invent the medium, but one could say that he defined it. Disney innovated and perfected ideas and techniques that dramatically changed the course of cartoon production. Some were utterly simple while others were awesomely complex. (29) Dick Huemer, a former rival and employee of Walt Disney states: Wells 4 I had never seen a storyboard until I came to Disneys in 1933. We outside of Disneys had always thought that he had some great secret that made his cartoons so perfect. When I saw the storyboards, I thought Aha! This is it! Well that was only part of itthe rest was his genius and perfectionism. Today, the storyboard is used in nearly every production. This is a clear example of Disneys impact on society. His genius turned an entertainment company into an entertainment kingdom. Leonard Maltin writes: One of Walts most important pursuits was the development of personality in cartoons. He wanted audiences to respond with a variety of emotions, and he knew that character credibility was a major ingredient for this kind of success. (40) Walts care for what he produced was a major factor in his success. He sacrificed quantity for quality. These ideals are still shown today in the growth of independent films and other low budget projects. Walts creations came to life in 1955 with the opening of Disneyland. A tangible escape from reality that touches the lives of millions. Upon entering the Magic Kingdom, a plaque describes Disneyland perfectly: Here you leave today and enter the world of yesterday, tomorrow, and fantasy. A place where there are no worries and people of all ages can act like children. What more could one ask for? How about a safe environment and a place in which happiness is guaranteed? Its not the cheapest place in the world, but to some its worth every penny. Walt Disney and his Imagineers created an awesome spectacle of illusions and magic. Together they turned orange orchards in Anaheim into a completely different world. Disneyland Wells 5 brings out the youthful spirit in everyone. In todays judgmental world, it is not always acceptable to act on youthful urges. Disneyland provides people with an atmosphere that is comfortable enough to act how one wants. It has become one of the most beloved destinations on earth, and it always will be as long as the spirit of youth remains intact. These words are original, your mind gives in to the subliminal, like a hidden mouse, thats part of you and everyone in your house. It grabs you when youre young, in TV or a song you once sung. Takes your money by the ton, until your funds are done. The mouse will continue to thrive, and soon he will arrive. Not stopping till he wins, everyday committing sins, of all different kinds, your wrist he binds. And will remain inside of you, becomes shown in all that you do. The man drew the mouse, now the mouse draws the man. Does the best he possibly can. Appearing everyday, in the bed you lay. Remember or not, the mouse watched as you and your mother fought. .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520 , .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520 .postImageUrl , .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520 , .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520:hover , .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520:visited , .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520:active { border:0!important; } .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520:active , .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520 .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a44e69296150a6839c2281b656b6520:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Practical Applications of Statistics Essay You buy without knowing, he knows where you are going, and the places youve been before, the hidden mouse is right outside your door. Waiting to invade your dream, where things are not what they seem. Good use of him will benefit, bad use will cause a deficit. The mouse wanted to be anonymous, until him and Walt became synonymous. The unphasable alliance, is always in compliance. The image and the name, both products of the same. Been the best since conceived, bigger than perceived. The child found its father, the father exploited its child, then things started to get wild. A never-ending legacy begins to unfold, since the first glance they had you sold. Now it stays close to your heart, not a cartoon, its a form of art. Derived from a master, if you slow down, the mouse will go faster. He lives without fear, the creator holds him dear. While the creation continues to devour, your Wells 6 neighborhood to the Eiffel Tower. Gaining power and information, hoping to one day rule the nation -Colin S. Wells

3rd Grade Literary Elements Essays

3rd Grade Literary Elements Essays 3rd Grade Literary Elements Paper 3rd Grade Literary Elements Paper Essay Topic: Literature character A person in a story setting It refers to the time and place which the events of a story take place. plot Sequence of events in a story. sequencing Is the order in which things happen in a story. Clue words to look for are first, next, and last. problem a part of the story that needs to be considered,solved, or answered. solution how the characters solve their problem drawing conclusions combining what you know and what you read to come up with an idea authors purpose the reason an author writes a story: what are the three reasons for an author to write something? compare finding out how two or more things are alike or similar contrast finding out how two or more things are different cause A person, thing or event that makes something happen effect A change that is a result of an action or other cause

History of the Second Congo War

History of the Second Congo War The first phase of the Second Congo War led to a stalemate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On one side were Congolese rebels backed and guided by Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi. On the other side were both Congolese paramilitary groups and the government, under the leadership of  Laurent Dà ©sirà ©-Kabila, backed by Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, the Sudan, Chad, and Libya.   A Proxy War By September 1998, a month after the Second Congo War had begun, the two sides were at a stalemate. The pro-Kabila forces controlled the West and central part of the Congo, while the anti-Kabila forces controlled the east and part of the north.   Much of the fighting for the next year was by proxy. While the Congolese military (FAC) continued to fight, Kabila also supported Hutu militias in rebel territory as well as pro-Congolese forces known as  Mai Mai. These groups attacked the rebel group,  Rassemblement Congolais pour la Dà ©mocratie  (RCD), which was largely made up of Congolese Tutsis and was supported, initially, by both Rwanda and Uganda.  Uganda also sponsored a second rebel group in the northern Congo, the  Mouvement pour la  Libà ©ration du Congo (MLC).   In 1999, a Failed Peace In late June, the major parties in the war met at a peace conference in Lusaka, Zambia. They agreed to a ceasefire, exchange of prisoners, and other provisions to bring about peace, but the not all of the rebel groups were even at the conference and others refused to sign. Before the agreement even became official, Rwanda and Uganda split, and their rebel groups began fighting in the DRC. The Resource War One of the most significant show downs between Rwandan and Ugandan troops was in the city of Kisangani, an important site in the Congo lucrative diamond trade. With the war stretching on, the parties began focusing on gaining access to the Congos wealth of riches: gold, diamonds, tin, ivory, and coltan. These conflict minerals made the war profitable for all involved in their extraction and sale, and extended the misery and danger for those who were not, mainly women. Millions died of hunger, disease, and a lack of medical care.  Women were also systematically and brutally raped. Doctors in the region came to recognize the trademark wounds left by the torture methods used by the different militias. As the war became more and more overtly about profit, the various rebel groups all began fighting among each other. The initial divisions and alliances that had characterized the war in its earlier stages dissolved, and fighters took what they could.  The United Nations sent in peacekeeping forces, but they were inadequate for the task. The Congo War Officially Draws to a Close In January 2001,  Laurent Dà ©sirà ©-Kabila was assassinated by one of his bodyguards, and his son, Joseph Kabila, assumed the presidency.  Joseph Kabila proved more popular internationally than his father, and the DRC soon received more aid than formerly. Rwanda and Uganda were also cited for their exploitation of the Conflict minerals and received sanctions. Finally, Rwanda was losing ground in the Congo. These factors combined to slowly bring about a decline in the Congo War, which officiall ended in 2002 in peace talks in Pretoria, South Africa. Again, not all of the rebel groups participated in the talks, and the eastern Congo remained a troubled zone. Rebel groups, including the Lords Resistance Army, from neighboring Uganda, and fighting between groups continued for more than a decade.   Resources and Further Reading Prunier, Gerald.  .Africa’s World War: The Congo, Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe  Oxford University Press: 2011.Van Reybrouck, David.  Congo: The Epic History of a People. Harper Collins, 2015.

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Terrorism - Essay Example Beginning with the Baader-Meinhof of Germany gang, which was also called the Red Army faction (RAF) hitherto. It was a terrorist gang that existed in Germany from around 1968 and 1977 with lots of Germans people as members. A gang that caused fear and intimidated people including murdered. The RAF was said to have broke out from the Revolutionary Army and continued to call itself the Red Army Faction (RAF), the name which most people seen it as a model of Japan’s ‘Red Army’, while many others refers it to Soviet Union’s Red Army. The key figures that led the terrorism activities of RAF were arrested and jailed in 1972. However, their activities continued after few years when another gang or its kind rekindle its existent, and as a result vowed to terrorism until in the year 1998, when they had finally ‘hit-the-rock’, which brought to an end to intimidations and murdered of German people after at least 30 years of terror. Meanwhile, the factor of Baader-Meinhof acts of terrorism in Germany that led to robbing of banks, kidnapping and murdered in nooks and crannies of the country was their greatest zeal for world Revolution which as a result marked a turning point in German’s postwar era. Though Baader-Meinhof motives was revolution that involved the support of some Germans students, but most of the people were not supporting how the revolution was undertook. For that reason, these kinds of people has supported German government when it’s enforced law and approved it for fighting terrorism. (B) The Tigers of Tamil Eelam, (LTTE) or the Tamil Tigers as it is popularly known across the globe is another nationalist terrorist group that roused to struggle for an independent state in Sri Lanka, in areas occupied by Tamils ethnic. In order for Tamil Tigers to achieve this motive, they adapted to apply terrorism against those alleged to

Philosophy in business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy in business Ethics - Essay Example Some employees are sent away while others are hired at the expense of the existing ones. As per the FCC regulations, these mergers will allow a greater share in the overall print and media industry while at the same time increasing the geographic control within the market. This would further exacerbate the issues that would be a cause of concern for the employees and the BSSl. These mergers and acquisitions allow the companies to gain large shares of the market and become tiny monopolies in their right effectively reducing the competitors’ value in the market to almost non-existent. There are already media giants operating within the media market who are supporting these recommended changes as these mergers have allowed them the position that they have secured in the market today. They effectively control the media and television industry. The ethical and legal implications that can arise from the above situation is the existence of unfair competition, pressure on smaller sized companies to merge with larger ones in order to survive, the monopolization of geographical region which in itself goes against the practice of fair trade and practice and the smaller companies are hence not able to get the important stories due to the lack of resource availability in contrast to the larger companies. For BSSL, the legal ramifications would be huge as it would mean trying to compete with companies which have access to more resources, greater networking and better connections in order to secure important stories, interviews etc. these mergers and acquisitions have made it virtually difficult for BSSL to compete on the same grounds and though the media industry has never been about â€Å"perfect competition†, yet granting 45 percent of the market control to a few giants effectively makes things quite difficult for BSSL. The employees of

Police science College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police science College - Essay Example 42). Police discretion has been further addressed and defined at the highest levels of the American criminal justice system. The United States Supreme Court, the ultimate arbiter of the reasonableness of police procedure, has sanctioned the use of police discretion in 4th Amendment search and seizure cases. Indeed, "There are many other intrusive activities that the Court leaves solely to the discretion of the police on the grounds that the individual has no "reasonable expectation of privacy" in the place or premises targeted by the police" (Maclin, 1996: np). In short, even from a constitutional point of view, there are situations when the use of police discretion is not only allowed, but necessary. Police discretion, therefore, can best be characterized as the use of judgment in fluid situations and settings. O'Connor presents a four-part framework for defining police discretion for a particular community: (1) discretion as judgment, (2) discretion as choice, (3) discretion as discernment, and (4) discretion as license (2005, np.). A police officer's judgment, for example, ought to be based on his experience, his particular area of expertise, and his insight into different situations as defined by that community. ... Discretion is therefore highly individualistic. Discretion one community might be exercised differently than in a different community. Choice means trying to find alternative solutions to problems. This aspect of discretion involves a weighing of the costs and the benefits of alternative courses of action. Discernment refers to an examination of the underlying merits of a situation. The police officer must use discretion, for instance to determine whether someone is being scapegoated or unfairly accused. Perhaps there is some excuse that, while not legally recognized as a defense, nevertheless is a very reasonable reason for employing discretion. Finally, the notion of discretion as license reflects the fact that there are times when it might be wiser to disobey standard operating procedures and rules. This is an area where the possibility for the abuse of discretion is the highest. In short, discretion is a multifaceted concept and it tends to be applied on an individualistic basis. Question 3: What is it about YOUNG PEOPLE AND THE POLICE Why is there so much conflict and animosity It has been established that police discretion exists, that police discretion is defined in various ways, and that there are many inaccuracies or myths surrounding the application of police discretion. The sources of police discretion regarding young people, however, are more definitely categorized and defined. O'Connor, citing the extensive research summaries presented by Gaines et al, breaks the causes of police discretion down into three main categories. The first category focuses on the age and the history of the offender and deals mostly with age-related factors. Does the offender, for example resist or respond

Family Involvement In Early Education

Family Involvement In Early Education The purpose of this research paper is to examine the effects family involvement has on the success of children and the ways families can get involved in their childs education. My literature reviews defines family involvement is when families get personally involved in education, their children do better in schools, get better grades, and grow up to be successful in life. Family involvement is one of the most overlooked aspects of American education. Today, many programs are designed without recognition of the role of families, and consequently many families remain unaware of the significance that their role can have on their childs education (NASA, 2009). Family involvement means that families work together with care givers and teachers to create an atmosphere that strengthens learning both at the program and in the home. Family involvement is an important component of the United Sates of America educational programs. The purpose of the family involvement component is to engage families as partners in the educational process. Family involvement programs was developed to give families, regardless of their own educational experience, the tools needed to become more actively involved in their childs day-to-day education (Knopf Swick 2008). Significant research over at least 25 years has demonstrated that family involvement is critical to the educational success of children (Bricker Casuso). To give more detail on the findings: When schools acknowledge the relevance of childrens homes and cultures and promote family involvement, they can develop a supportive environment for learning through meaningful activities that engage and empower families (Bricker Casuso, 1979). As our schools and programs become more diverse, that relevance of home and culture takes on greater importance and expands teachers responsibilities for collaboration with families. Families can get more involved with their childs education by, talking with their children, enhancing their childs self esteem, modeling social and educational aspirations and values and monitoring out of school activities (supervising homework etc.)(Battle, 2004). Activities parents can be more involved at school consists of: attending events, such as open house and school fairs, working in the school in support teachers such as helping with activities in the classroom, on trips and with sport activities, assisting with the governance of the school and meeting with teachers to discuss their childrens progress are all ways parents can get more involved with their child education while in school (Battle, 2004). I have seen a lack of parental involvement in Head Start due to lack of communication. I have volunteered for Head Start every since my son went there in 2006. I am a former parent and I have done four internships there. I have done two for Social Work and two for Early Childhood. Most families I have talked to use work, or they do not get grades or I am too tired to sit with those bad kids as an excuse but I try to let them know that if they dont get involved in their child education now they will regret it in the long run. When I lived in Chicago I went to a Head Start program called the Child Parent Center (CPC). My mom worked nights and had three other children to take care of. She made it her job to volunteer at my school at least three days a week. She assisted the teachers, she was even the President of the PTA. My mom got involved in what I was learning because she was a concerned parent. Parents today are not concerned about their childs education. Parents who are involved in their childs education develop more confidence in the school, and about helping their children learn at home and often enroll in continuing education to advance their own schooling (Measuring Up, 1999). Parents tend to be less involved in their childs education as their child get older. The United States Department of Education found that nationwide, as children grow older contacts between families and schools decline both in number and in the positive nature of such contacts. Although 52 percent of interactions are positive and 20 percent are negative in the first grade, by seventh grade positive contacts drop to 36 percent and negative increase to 33 percent (Measuring Up, 1999). The importance of family involvement is the environmental, social, and economic factors have the most powerful effect on student performance. The greatest factor of a child underachieving in school is growing up in poverty, inadequate learning opportunities, and exposure to drugs, lack of after school care, dysfunctional families, and inadequate health care, run down schools, neighborhood distress, few role models, poor nutrition and teen pregnancy (Measuring Up, 1999). Parents cannot always change these factors; they can always have great influence over many of these challenges. Epstein defines a school, family and community partnership as an approach that gives families and community members greater opportunities to determine options for school involvement, to participate in the wide range of involvement activities, and to assume key role and responsibilities in school-improvement efforts, including participation in the schools decision-making processes. If a partnership is to succeed, it must be based on mutual trust and respect, an ongoing exchange of information, agreement on goals and strategies, and sharing of rights and responsibilities. Schools must be willing to involve parents, families, and communities at deeper levels and to support their participation (Epstein 2002). Epstein six types of involvement consist of: Type1: Parenting: Assist families establish home environments to support children as students. Type 2: Communicating: Implement effective home to school and school to home communication practices. Type 3: Volunteering: Encourage families as volunteers in a variety of ways. Type 4: Learning At Home: Involve families in supporting learning activities at home. Type 5: Decision making: Include parents in school; decisions, developing parent leaders and representatives. Type 6: Collaborating With the Community: Coordinate resources and services from the community to strengthen school programs, family practices and student learning development. The problem with families not being involved in their childs education is laziness. A lot of younger generation parents have too many excuses on why they can and cannot get involved. The most common one is transportation problems. If you can get a ride to go clubbing on Friday and Saturday you can get a ride to visit your child Monday thru Thursday for a couple of hours. Majority of the younger generation families just dont care. Their children are being raised by a grandmother, aunt or a caregiver. They do not understand how critical parental involvement is and the effects it has on a child. From my own personal observations parents just do not understand why they need to get involved. It is my job as a professional student to address these concerns to all parents young or old. Teachers are very frustrated trying to involve parents and getting little to no response. Teachers complain that parents do not come to conferences or school open houses, check homework, or answer take home notes. This leads teachers to feel that parents just do not care about their childs education (Brown, 1989). There are many reasons to consider why parents do not get involved. For many parents, a major obstacle to getting involved is lack of time. Working parents are often unable to attend school events during the day (Brown, 1989). Evenings are more convenient and the only time they can be involved. Parents rather spend that time with family than be at an open house, which is understandable. Parental involvement during prekindergarten can promote childrens school readiness and is associated with higher academic achievement and fewer behavior problems through adolescents, at least in low income families (Basile Henry, 1996). It can also lead to greater parental involvement in elementary school, which is associated with higher achievement for children of all socioeconomic backgrounds (Basile Henry 1996). When families do not get involved in their childrens education they are more at risk of being exposed to drugs and alcohol, teen pregnancy and inadequate learning opportunities. The benefits of families who get involved in their childs education their child will get better grades, better attendance, and higher graduation rates, less or no drug or alcohol use, better self-esteem, and less violent. Parental involvement is important because it improves cognitive and social development in early years of education. Evidence indicates that parental involvement continues to have a significant effect on achievement into adolescence even adulthood. A survey in 2007 has found a variation in levels of parental involvement among different ethnic groups. African American parents are more than twice as likely as White parents to say they felt very involved in their childs education. Parents from non-White ethnic backgrounds are more involved in their childs school activities (including homework). Parents from non-White backgrounds are also less likely to say that a childs education is the school responsibility rather than the parents (17% of African American and Asian parents compared to 27% of White parents said that it was the school responsibility) (Harris Goodall, 2007). Parental involvement is easy as pie says McReynolds she came up with the pie program based on research and many years in the classroom. McReynolds states family involvement is a critical part of high quality education, a safe and disciplined learning environment, and student achievement. McReynolds PIE program actively pursues and involves parents as true and equal partners. She offers them five ways in which they can become involved. Decision making. McReynolds encourages parents to set goals for their children and for the teacher goals that reach beyond those goals she has already set. The goals are stated at the start of the school year in a contract between parents, teachers, and students. That contract lists everyones responsibilities and is signed by each of the participants. A parent is free to add to the contract specific goals for their child. The goal of the contract is a very simple one: Helping children to learn, says McReynolds. The contract is a tool to meet that end. It can change from year to year and even sometimes from child to child. If parents feel a need, we do whatever we have to do to meet that need as long as it helps the child learn. Supporting. Parents support their children in many ways, McReynolds says. They provide shelter, food, clothing, protection, and love. They also need to support the work that goes on in the classroom. McReynolds shares with parents the research that supports the need for their involvement in their childrens education at home and at school. Showing children that school is important can be done in many ways, and McReynolds offers parents many options and tools for doing that. Her next goal is to establish a parent library, a place in the school where parents can find and check out materials that will help them to help their children learn. Teaching. Parents are teachers too, says McReynolds, adding, Lets face it, children learned a huge amount from their parents before they even entered school. And a parents role as teacher doesnt end when the child enters school. McReynolds points to a number of ways in which teaching continues to be a parents responsibility and part of a parents daily routine. Providing time and a place for doing homework, reading with a child, making sure homework is understood and finished, talking about what is being done at school, and continuing to learn how to help are just a few of the ways in which parents teach. In addition, parents can get actively involved in the classroom as volunteer tutors, as lecturers sharing their own expertise, and in many other ways. Last year, McReynolds says, a small group of parents got kids interested in participating in the Valentines for Veterans program. That was just one example of a wonderful learning experience that came directly from parental involvement and it was proof that If its important, parents will help to get it done,' says McReynolds. Kids got to see their parents in action and, more importantly, they got to see themselves as contributors to the larger community. Learning. The more parents learn, the more they are able to help a child learn, McReynolds says. That means getting actively involved in finding out what is being taught, how it is taught, and how children learn and develop. Parents can take classes (offered through adult education programs, community colleges, etc.) on their own to demonstrate to their children how important learning is. Or they can take classes with their children; computer classes or hobby classes are two possibilities. McReynolds offers additional help and suggestions. She provides ideas for field trips that parents and children can take together to support classroom learning. And she holds a monthly in-service session for parents. In one recent session she focused on the childrens math curriculum. The sessions goal was to familiarize parents with the curriculum and to relieve the parents anxiety about it. Other sessions have included a science fair preparation night (where McReynolds familiarizes parents with th e scientific method through a fun airplane-making family activity); a session that explains the school grading system; and a field trip to a dinosaur exhibit at a nearby museum. Communicating. An open-door policy allows parents to come into the classroom at any time. In addition, McReynolds offers regular communication through two newsletters. Those newsletters include information about the concepts that are being taught, how those concepts can be reinforced and practiced at home, a schedule of after-school help sessions, and news about a special citizenship program in which kids earn points for positive behaviors. The newsletters also include news of upcoming in-service sessions and special projects parents might want to get involved in. Parental involvement programs, if they are to be effective, must include parents in all aspects of a childs education, Parents must be involved as teachers, learners, supporters, and advocates for their children (Hopkins, 2004). Families can get involved in their childs education by just overseeing their childs homework (time), Limiting time spent watching T.V., Providing support for educators and taking advantage of opportunities to become more involved with school administrations and policy development. Suggestion for teachers to get parents involved is to help parents understand why it is so important to their children school success. Give parents specific thing they can do to be involved. Take time to assess current practices in your school before embarking on a program for parental involvement. Develop a long term plan for a parent that includes evaluations of their childs success. Teachers need to communicate with parents and encourage parents to provide inputs on policies that affect the education of their children. 1) Teachers need parents help! Teachers are over worked and overwhelmed and in need of our help. Even if it is the smallest amount of help. 2) All parents should volunteer at least five times in a school year. 3) Parents also need to know school is a learning environment and not a day care. Parents need to remember even when their children are at school they are still your children, take responsibility in their education. 4) The more parents volunteer, the more educated you are about what is going on in the school. Parents should be an example to their children, show them the importance of education through your actions, not just your words. 5) Kids copy what they see you do, show your children how important it is to be involved parent by being one yourself. 6) All parents should know the old saying It is better to give than to receive. Giving always feel good. 7) Majority of the schools budgets are being cut, as parents we can help schools save money by donating our time, talent and treasures. 8) Parental involvement also gives you the opportunity to voice your opinions on school matters. Who said it is better to be seen and not heard? 9) With all the violence in school today being an involved parent will allow you to keep up with the issues and problems. Parents need to keep their ears and eyes open while at school and you will be surprised at what you will find out. 10) Lastly, parent need to know that their children are only young once. Do not miss out on the opportunity to create memories that will last a forever. Children will not remember that toy you gave them but they will remember all those times you became involved in their education. In conclusion, the most important person in parental involvement is the child. Anything that the parent can do to assist their child is worth it all. Special importance should be on producing ways of helping children, families, and schools work together to supply students with the advantages to put their best efforts forward. It is very clear that parental involvement is very profitable to a child learning environment.

Essay --

Slaves wanted freedom. They wanted to get away from their malicious and abusive owners, reunite with their families, and have a chance at a new life. The Underground Railroad gave them that chance. Before the Underground Railroad, slaveholders became accustomed to the use of this cruel system in which they called slavery, where slaves were often treated worse than farm animals. Slaves were forced to live in terrible conditions, where they were crowded into poorly built huts, exposed to both the freezing cold and extreme heat, worked from sun up until sun down, and were malnourished. Slaves could also be subjected to torturous punishments at the will of his or her master or overseer. As a southern judge once decreed, â€Å"The power of the master must be absolute.† Slaveholders would even aim to break up slave families just so that their absolute control would never waver. (Landau) It is believed that the system of the Underground Railroad began in 1787 when a Quaker named Isaac T. Hopper started to organize a system for hiding and aiding fugitive slaves. The Underground Railroad was a vast, loosely organized network of people who helped aid fugitive slaves in their escape to the North and Canada. It operated mostly at night and consisted of many whites, but predominately blacks. While the Underground Railroad had unofficially existed before it, a cause for its expansion was the passage of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act. The 1850 Fugitive Slave Act allowed for runaway slaves to be captured and returned within the territory of the United States and added further provisions regarding the runaways and imposed even harsher chastisements for interfering in their capture (A&E). The 1850 Fugitive Slave Act was a major cause of the development o... ...d and inspired blacks to do something about the situation that they were being given, and so they did. Blacks and whites came together to fight on the same side, to fight for the abolishment of slavery. This coming together is what caused the Underground Railroad to expand and evolve, but none of it would have ever happened, or at least not as fast as it did, without the passage of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act which brought blacks and whites together. In this way the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act was a major cause of the development of the Underground Railroad because it caused people to realize just how cruel slavery was, which invoked an increase in the support and aid of the strong, free, black population, who were a crucial component to the Underground Railroad, as well as abolitionist and anti-slavery white, resulting in the expansion of the Underground Railroad.